
Retraction and Withdrawal of Manuscript
Article Retraction
- The findings are unreliable due to research misconduct (e.g., data fabrication or falsification) or honest error (e.g., miscalculation or methodological mistake).
- The article has been previously published elsewhere without proper citation, permission, or justification (redundant or duplicate publication).
- The article contains plagiarism or substantial unattributed overlap.
- The research violates accepted ethical standards or publication ethics.
Article Withdrawal
- If a manuscript is withdrawn during the peer-review process, a withdrawal fee equivalent to 50% of the Article Processing Charge (APC) will be applied to cover editorial handling and peer-review management costs already incurred.
- If a manuscript is withdrawn after formal acceptance but before publication, a withdrawal fee of 50% of the APC will also be applied to cover editorial and production preparation costs.

